Научный журнал «ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИИ»
Сообщение
2025, Vol. 13, Iss. 2 |
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E. Bagaev, P. Shalamov, G. Fokin
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Abstract: Purpose. Modern scenarios of high-precision positioning in wireless local area networks require overcoming the limitations associated with multipath propagation of signals and nonlinear delays. To implement the rangefinder positioning method in the absence of synchronization between the reference transceiver nodes, the well-known symmetrical double-sided two-way ranging (SDS-TWR) is used. The aim of the work is to study the application of symmetric two-way bidirectional distance measurement technology in the context of determining the location of a user device in a wireless LAN using nanoLOC technology with an unstable indoor environment. The novelty lies in the development of methodological support for the experimental assessment of the accuracy of positioning devices indoors using nanoLOC technology. The results show that using the nanoLOC system to solve the problem of determining the location of a user device can ensure measurement accuracy within a few decimeters through the use of SDS-TWR method. Practical relevance. The presented study can be used for the applied configuration of indoor location scenarios with the configuration of nanoLOC range measurement acquisition and processing modules, as well as for conducting laboratory classes on applied radio access systems.
Keywords: communications network, location detection systems, WLAN, user device, nanoLOC, ToA (time of arrival), ToF (time of flight), SDS-TWR (symmetric double-sided two way ranging).
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2025-13-2-1-31
EDN QEDDVK
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© SPbSUT © Authors
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A. Paramonov, Ph. N. Hoang
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Abstract: Purpose: The article addresses the task of dynamic subchannel selection in heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) networks, considering network parameter changes and the limited computational resources of devices. The subject of the study: Heterogeneous IoT networks that utilize various data transmission technologies. Methods used: The study employs a reinforcement learning method for dynamic subchannel selection based on the analysis of historical data and the current network state. A tug-of-war algorithm is also used for resource allocation among subchannels. Results: A method for dynamic subchannel selection has been developed, which allows for consideration of the probability of successful data transmission, subchannel usage frequency, and failure probability, thereby balancing transmission efficiency and computational costs. Theoretical /Practical relevance: The practical significance of the results lies in improving the performance and reliability of heterogeneous IoT networks under high load and with limited device resources.
Keywords: heterogeneous networks, communication channel, Internet of Things, tug-of-war algorithm, reinforcement learning.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2025-13-1-1-13
EDN DYOMML
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V. Tsap, G. Fokin
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Abstract: The paper considers the applicability of machine learning models and methods in spectral probing to increase the speed of scanning and analyzing LTE signals. It describes the operating procedure of the software module for scanning LTE signals using the spectral probing algorithm in a wide frequency range. Methods. The research method is a full-scale experiment using software-defined radio boards. The result of scanning and analysis is the detection of signals from LTE base stations operating on transmission in a given area. The efficiency of detecting base stations is estimated by classifying spectrum range using machine learning methods. Practical relevance. The combination of a software module for panoramic scanning in a wide range and a software module for analyzing in the information frequency band allows to significantly reduce the detection time of LTE base stations in a given area.
Keywords: spectral probing, LTE standard, software-defined radio, machine learning.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2025-13-1-14-22
EDN XYAPHF
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A. Kalachikov, I. Popovich, V. Pushnitsa
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Abstract: Statement of the problem. Software radio allows flexible implementation of algorithms for processing signals in radio communications. Reception of signals is possible only with synchronization in the time and frequency domains, taking into account the properties of the signals. The paper presents a prototype of a communication system with orthogonal frequency multiplexing, implemented on the Adalm Pluto platform using the libiio library. The aim of the study is to analyze and implement software algorithms for symbolic and frequency synchronization when receiving signals with orthogonal frequency multiplexing. For this purpose, a preamble based on the Zadoff – Chu sequence is used. The frequency shift was estimated using two methods: using a cyclic prefix of symbols and using the Zadoff – Chu preamble. Novelty. The developed algorithms are implemented as programs, without using specialized libraries of ready-made modules and tested on the Adalm Pluto hardware platform. The obtained results confirm the operability of the proposed solutions, which allows them to be used in software radio systems when implementing communication channels of various autonomous systems. The practical significance lies in the experimental confirmation of the functionality of the proposed solutions, which allows their use in software radio systems when implementing communication channels for various autonomous systems.
Keywords: software radio, time synchronization of signal reception, frequency synchronization of signal reception.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2025-13-1-23-39
EDN TOKWFI
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M. Vinitsky, E. Dustalev, D. Minin, V. Babich, V. Bobrovsky
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Abstract: Problem statement. Machine learning methods and neural networks are a promising tool for forecasting and identifying objects in real time, which allows for the application of such technologies in ensuring road traffic safety. The aim of the work is to develop a solution capable of detecting and classifying objects using artificial intelligence methods, implementing the functions of an intelligent driver assistance system onboard a vehicle. Methods used: creating an intelligent assistance service based on convolutional neural networks. An element of novelty in the presented solution is the implementation of a decision support service for the driver based on a compact low-power computing platform. Result. The selected service of the intelligent decision support system for drivers is implemented on a compact low-power computing device with an accuracy of 87 % based on the mean average precision (mAP) at an average frame rate of 32 frames per second. Practical significance. The presented solution allows for the implementation of a system using artificial intelligence algorithms on a vehicle base due to low energy consumption and a neuroprocessor module capable of working with video streams in real-time.
Keywords: Advanced Driver’s Assistance System, convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence, machine learning, intelligent transportation systems, object detection.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2025-13-1-40-46
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D. Fazylov, E. Kravets
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Abstract: Objective: IoT-based street lighting control is motivated by society's desire to build energetically efficient systems that underlie the concept of a smart city. The basic functions of automated lighting are: street and/or outdoor lighting control; individual and group dimming; adjusting light to specific weather conditions, the presence of pedestrians and traffic. Fulfilling the task requires access to each individual light source, which can be achieved with the help of IoT wireless technology. This work aims to provide calculations of the parameters of a system of remote street lighting control. Methods used: The Okamura – Hata radio wave propagation model is used to determine the number of base stations required for remote control of luminaires. This model allows determining the range of a base station in areas with typical urban development. Novelty: a comparison of different techniques applied in low-power large-coverage energy networks designed for lighting control. It has been shown that network capacity can increase using seven uplink channels and one downlink channel at a fixed frequency. The attained package delivery success rate is 99 %. The result presented is a RadioPlanner design of a LoRa-based initial approximation network.
Keywords: street lighting control, IoT wireless technology, LoRa, smart city.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2025-13-1-47-58
EDN TQUHQG
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© SPbSUT © Authors
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3-D Placement of Aerial Base Stations to Support Terrestrial Network Based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization
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T. D. Tran, A. E. Kucheryavy
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Abstract: Problem statement. With the increasing load on terrestrial communication networks, it is necessary to implement new solutions to ensure stable and high-quality user service. One of the promising approaches is the use of aerial base stations (ABS), which can be rapidly deployed in areas with high user density or during emergency situations. This paper addresses the problem of three-dimensional deployment of ABS to support terrestrial communication networks, where the number of users exceeds the capacity of the current ground-based system. The main goal of this work is to determine the minimum number of ABS and their optimal placement while meeting user service requirements. However, this is an NP-hard problem (nondeterministic polynomial-time hardness), so to solve it, we propose using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization. Scientific novelty: the proposed approach consists in developing a method for optimizing three-dimensional ABS placement using an adaptive particle swarm algorithm aimed at minimizing the number of ABS while maintaining high quality of service to users. Unlike classical PSO, the proposed algorithm allows connecting more users to ABS due to more efficient resource allocation and selection of ABS location. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm ensures high coverage performance in environments with various user distributions. Theoretical / practical significance: In practice, the results can be used in planning and deploying ABS in congestion or emergency situations to ensure sustainable coverage.
Keywords: aerial base stations, 3D placement, ground base stations, coverage, capacity, adaptive particle swarm optimization.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-1-12
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Positioning of Devices in LTE Networks. Part 2. Analysis of Base Station Topology Impact on Coordinate Estimation Accuracy
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H. C. Hua, G. Fokin, H. N. Nguyen
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Abstract: Purpose. In recent decades, the development of positioning services in 4G LTE and 5G NR networks has been actively progressing, necessitating improvements in coordinate estimation accuracy. Earlier, the analysis conducted in the first part demonstrated that signal bandwidth significantly impacts positioning accuracy. This study investigates the influence of base station (BS) topology on coordinate estimation accuracy. The primary indicative factor of BS topology in space is the geometric dilution of precision (DOP) in positioning. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the BS topology on the positioning accuracy by the method of difference in the time of arrival of TDOA signals for different scenarios. Methods. As part of the research, a simulation was conducted to calculate the geometric dilution of precision (DOP) for the range-difference method in 4G LTE cellular networks using MATLAB. The mathematical model is based on two approaches: processing absolute ranges and processing pseudoranges. The influence of various BS distribution scenarios on geometric factors (HDOP, VDOP, PDOP, and GDOP) is analyzed. Novelty. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the impact of base station topology on positioning accuracy, which allows for identifying BS placement schemes considering both horizontal and vertical distribution. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between network configuration and the quality of coordinate estimation. Results. The study shows that increasing the number of BSs in a given area does not always lead to a reduction in DOP values. As the height of base stations increases, the geometric dilution of precision decreases, which positively affects positioning accuracy. The average DOP value in zones where base stations are located at different heights is lower than in areas with BSs at the same height. The topology of the BS is also determined for estimating the coordinates of vehicles on the road in urban areas. Practical relevance. The results of this work can be used to develop and optimize positioning algorithms in existing and future LTE and 5G NR networks. This has direct applications for improving the quality of navigation, geolocation services, and solving network positioning tasks.
Keywords: geometric factor, DOP (Dilution of Precision), coordinate estimation, topology, positioning, 4G, MATLAB, vehicles, TDOA.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-13-28
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Telepresence Services and Their Future in the Evolving Fog Computing Environment: A Review of Research and Use Cases
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Dang V. Th., A. Volkov
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Abstract: Objective. The research aims to analyze fog computing technologies and their integration into future 6G networks to support telepresence services. The main task is to identify the key trends and development directions of telepresence technologies, network instability, and data security. The objective of the work is to conduct a review of telepresence research and explore the application of fog computing to support it in 5G and 6G networks. The goal is to review research on telepresence and explore the application of fog computing to support these services in 5G and 6G networks. The study proposes enhancing network resilience by applying resource-intensive methods only in routing zones affected by destabilizing factors, thereby minimizing computational costs. The research highlights the necessity for further developments and investments in integrating these technologies. Methods Used. The study involves analyzing over 700 publications from the IEEE Xplore database on research topics related to telepresence and fog computing; reviewing modern technologies and approaches in the field of fog computing; critically analyzing existing fog computing models, including hierarchical and multi-level architectures; and performing statistical analysis to identify the primary trends and research directions. Novelty. The novelty of the work lies in conducting a statistical analysis of current telepresence research on an unprecedented scale. The limitations of existing fog computing models have been examined, and solutions to overcome them for effective application in 6G networks have been proposed. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of integrating fog computing to address latency and network instability issues in telepresence services. Results. The work identifies key research directions in telepresence, such as the development of robots for medicine, education, and other fields where they can replace humans, thereby enhancing service efficiency and accessibility. The potential of fog computing to support real-time telepresence applications has been substantiated, significantly reducing latency and improving network stability. The necessity of refining fog computing architectures to ensure high reliability, scalability, and minimal latency in future networks like 5G and 6G has been underscored. Theoretical / Practical Significance. The work has theoretical significance by providing a foundation for further research in telepresence and fog computing, while also broadening the understanding of their application for addressing latency and network stability issues. The practical significance lies in the potential use of the results for developing more efficient 6G network architectures and introducing innovative solutions in telepresence, improving communication quality, reducing latency, and enhancing interaction in remote environments.
Keywords: 6G, fog computing, cloud computing, telepresence, mobile communication, next-generation networks.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-29-51
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Research on Adaptive Digital Communication Lines with Decision Feedback
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K. K. Fam, E. Glushankov, T. D. Vu
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Abstract: Problem Statement. The advancement of efficient digital radio communication systems necessitates the development of methods that enhance both their energy and spectral efficiency. One approach to addressing this challenge involves assessing the state of the communication channel and selecting optimal modulation schemes within a digital transmission system equipped with feedback. The aim of this study is to investigate modern coding and modulation techniques applicable to feedback channels. The paper proposes methods for integrating these techniques into an adaptive feedback system in order to achieve optimal spectral and energy efficiency. Methods. A comparative analysis of various design approaches for adaptive feedback systems was conducted through simulation in the MATLAB environment. The simulations accounted for the influence of different types of noise on the data transmission process within feedback channels. Scientific Novelty. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive investigation and comparative analysis of contemporary coding methods and multi-level modulation techniques. Furthermore, the study presents recommendations for their effective application in adaptive communication systems. Results. As a result of this research, an adaptive data transmission system with feedback was developed. This system achieves higher data transmission rates compared to non-feedback systems, while still meeting the reliability requirements of the communication channel. Practical Significance. The proposed solution is recommended for scenarios that demand high data transmission reliability alongside high throughput. This is particularly relevant under conditions of poor signal quality, which may arise due to significant environmental interference such as in fading channels.
Keywords: adaptive system, feedback channel, turbo code, cascade code, low-density parity-check code, Bose ‒ Chaudhuri ‒ Hocquenghem code, multi-position modulation, Rician channel, Doppler effect, MATLAB.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-52-67
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Analyzing IP Protocols for Network Universes
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Z. Kim, A. Chueva, D. Nazarov, L. Gorbacheva
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Abstract: Problem Statement. The intensive development of networked universes and virtual worlds is accompanied by new challenges for network infrastructure. IP protocols, as the backbone of digital interaction, face a number of limitations, including high latency, insufficient scalability, security vulnerabilities, and the complexity of managing diverse traffic. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively analyse IP protocols (IPv4 / IPv6, UDP / TCP / QUIC) and modern technologies (edge computing, blockchain) in the context of their applicability to digital ecosystems. The research methods include network traffic monitoring, load modelling and comparative analysis of protocol characteristics in virtual environments. The scientific novelty lies in the integration of a cross-disciplinary approach to the evaluation of network protocols in multi-user digital worlds. The results of the study consist in identifying critical limitations of existing solutions and formulating recommendations to overcome them, such as transition to IPv6 protocol, introduction of QUIC protocol, use of edge computing and blockchain technologies. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of applying the obtained recommendations to design sustainable, scalable and secure infrastructures of network universes.
Keywords: network universes, metaverses, IP protocols, IPv6, QUIC, edge computing, scalability, data latency, interoperability, multiverse.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-68-83
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© SPbSUT © Authors
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Digital Twins as an Object and Tool of Information Security
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E. Mitaykov
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Abstract: Problem Statement. In the context of rapid digitalization of the economy and public administration, ensuring the information security (IS) of critical information infrastructure (CII) has become an increasingly urgent task. CII includes facilities that play a key role in the functioning of vital sectors of society such as energy, transportation, healthcare, industry, and others. As these systems grow in complexity, the need arises for advanced technologies to ensure their protection. One such tool is the use of digital twins (DTs), which enable the modeling of threats and the testing of security measures. However, the integration of DTs into IS tasks within CII encounters a number of challenges that must be addressed for the effective implementation of this technology. The aim of this study is to identify the key challenges associated with the use of digital twins in the context of CII information security. Methods. The research employs the analysis of standards, classification of problems by category (technical, organizational, legal), and evaluation of DT usage scenarios within CII. Novelty. This work identifies new aspects of DT application within CII, particularly related to model characteristics, as well as issues of verification and integrity control of digital models. Security concerns are addressed, including risks associated with open APIs and telemetry channels, which may serve as vectors for attacks. A set of measures is proposed to overcome these challenges, including the development of regulatory standards for DT usage and the enhancement of professional training. Results. Key challenges have been identified and classified into the following categories: technical, security-related, organizational, legal, and those arising from incorrect usage. Each category encompasses specific issues, the consequences of which range from modeling errors and reduced protection efficiency to threats of critical infrastructure compromise and loss of trust in the technology. Theoretical / Practical Significance. The results of this study contribute to improving approaches to ensuring the information security of CII through the use of digital twins. The proposed recommendations for addressing identified challenges can be used to enhance the reliability, safety, and effectiveness of DT implementation and operation in CII systems.
Keywords: information security, critical information infrastructure, digital twin, data synchronization, threat modelling.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-1-12
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Application of Open Digital Architecture for Creating Integrated Digital Ecosystems
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K. Belozerov, D. Ganyushin, R. Zaidullin, S. Kislyakov
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Abstract: The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for modeling and deploying an integrated digital ecosystem based on the concept of Open Digital Architecture (ODA) to modernize telecommunication systems. The research is based on the use of modern containerization and orchestration technologies, including Docker, Kubernetes, and Helm, as well as on the application of standardized APIs to ensure seamless integration of microservices. The methodology involves the step-by-step creation and packaging of services into containers, their automated deployment in a Kubernetes cluster, and configuration management using Helm charts. The conducted testing confirmed the correctness of component interactions and the system's resilience under varying operating conditions. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive approach that combines the principles of ODA with automation and orchestration technologies, thereby reducing the time required for the deployment of new services and lowering operational costs. The practical significance of this work is determined by the potential application of the developed model for optimizing telecommunication network management, enhancing their flexibility, and adapting to dynamic load changes. The research conclusions indicate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for creating adaptive digital ecosystems, which opens up prospects for further development of monitoring tools and predictive analytics in the context of modern telecommunication infrastructure.
Keywords: Open Digital Architecture (ODA), digital ecosystem, containerization, orchestration, Kubernetes, Helm, microservices.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-13-21
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Positioning of Devices in LTE networks. Part 3. Analysis of Correlation Functions for Reference Signals
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H. C. Hua, G. Fokin, K. Ryutin
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Abstract: Purpose: In modern LTE networks, especially in urban and indoor conditions, the accuracy of device positioning often decreases due to the limitations of existing methods, such as A-GNSS and Cell-ID. This is due to the lack of direct visibility of satellites and low accuracy of cell identification. This study is devoted to the analysis of the correlation functions of synchronization signals and reference signals in LTE networks to optimize the process of time delay estimation. The objective of the work is to study the autocorrelation function (ACF) of synchronization signals and reference signals to improve the accuracy of device positioning. The work includes the development of a mathematical model for ACF estimation, analysis of the influence of pilot subcarrier distribution, the number of resource blocks and other system parameters on the ACF characteristics, and assessment of their impact on the accuracy of time delay determination. Methods: The study applied the methods of OFDM signal modeling, LTE signal structure analysis at the physical layer and mathematical calculations of the time delay based on the autocorrelation function of reference signals using the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Novelty: The novelty of the work lies in the mathematical formalization of the ACF estimate of the reference signals, depending on the frequency bandwidth with a scientific justification of the potential accuracy of the primary measurements of the signal arrival time in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Results: the study shows that an increase in the number of resource blocks leads to a narrowing of the main lobe of the ACF, which improves the accuracy of the primary measurements of the signal arrival time. Uniform distribution of pilot subcarriers in the reference signals causes the appearance of periodic correlation peaks, which also contributes to a more accurate estimate of the signal parameters. Theoretical / Practical significance: The theoretical significance of the work lies in the development of a mathematical model for calculating the ACF for LTE reference signals, which serves as a basis for assessing the accuracy of primary measurements of the signal arrival time, including subsequent comparison with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The practical significance lies in the scientific substantiation of the required LTE signal frequency bands to achieve a given accuracy of primary measurements of the signal arrival time in LTE networks, as well as for the development of similar models in 5G networks with OFDM signals.
Keywords: 4G LTE, MATLAB, correlation function, OFDM, primary measurement accuracy estimation, positioning, time delay, synchronization signal, reference signal.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-22-37
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Choosing a Method for Implementing a Local Navigation System for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
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S. Shalunov, A. Kurochkin, E. Izmesteva
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Abstract: Discussion. Local navigation systems are diverse and have characteristic features that need to be grouped and classified. Classification is necessary to determine the steps of developing a method and implementing a system in the form of equipment. Purpose: formation of criteria for the local navigation system of unmanned aerial vehicles, taking into account the analysis of existing systems. Methods: structuring and describing well-known local navigation systems according to a single template, identifying common features, grouping them into groups based on similarity of features, testing the result using the example of using classification as a basis for advancing system requirements. Results. A system of criteria for a local navigation system for use in unmanned aerial vehicles. The angular-difference-rangefinder method with a set of parameters was chosen as the most suitable for the requirements of a local navigation system for unmanned aerial vehicles. Novelty: classification system for local navigation systems by selected groups of features is proposed, and a system of requirements for local navigation systems is proposed, taking into account the technical features of unmanned vehicles. Practical relevance: the study provided scientifically based requirements for a local navigation system, which further minimize the time needed to develop this system.
Keywords: classification, local positioning system, local navigation system, navigation system, unmanned aerial vehicle.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-38-50
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Ultra-Wideband Communication Channel Modelling and Analyses
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S. Kokin, O. Simonina
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Abstract: The problem statement is that existing ultra-wideband (UWB) communications operate within a range of 3.1 to 10 GHz, but there are difficulties in reducing the frequency. This necessitates the development of a UWB channel model to determine optimal parameters. The aim of this project is to create a model for a UWB communication system and compare its key parameters, such as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER). Methods used include UWB modelling for different modulation schemes, including BPSK, QPSK, and QAM, as well as QAM16 and QAM64. A bit error coefficient analysis was also conducted, along with SNR analysis. Novelty. A mathematical model of an ultra-wideband channel has been proposed, and its diagram has been developed in the Simulink environment. Results. A UWB model was developed that can be used in further research. The evaluation of the model is based on two key parameters: BER and SNR, with QPSK being the most promising modulation scheme for UWB. The theoretical and practical significance of this research lies in evaluating key performance indicators and providing a basis for future development.
Keywords: UWB, bit error rate, digital modulation, signal-to-noise ratio.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-51-63
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© SPbSUT © Authors
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Method and Algorithm for Vulnerability Detection in the Protocols of Critical Information Infrastructure Objects
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D. Vasinev, M. Solovev
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Abstract: Problem statement. Due to the constant emergence of new threats and vulnerabilities, significant efforts of IS specialists are devoted to the development of methods and algorithms for finding vulnerabilities in telecommunication protocols, software, and information systems. Thus, the actual task is to automate the process of vulnerability search, to develop automatic and automated methods that reduce the routine functions of the IS specialist associated with the search for vulnerabilities. The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of vulnerability search in TCP/IP stack protocols for critical information infrastructure. Methods used: methods of systems theory, probability theory, stochastic search methods based on Markov chains, genetic algorithms, methods and algorithms of testing and testing technologies, and search for vulnerabilities in software that processes protocol constructs of TCP/IP stack for critical information infrastructure. Novelty: a method, algorithm and software tool for searching for vulnerabilities in protocols, allowing to form test constructs based on stochastic random search for vulnerabilities, have been developed. The proposed solution allows to purposefully form test constructs in a given state space of protocols, obtain test sequences based on Markov chains, and modify them with genetic algorithms. Result: The application of the proposed method and algorithms of vulnerability search allows to investigate a given state space of protocols functioning in CII and allows to reduce the time of formation of test designs in comparison with the method of complete enumeration. Due to the peculiarities of the developed algorithm, the solution for the search for vulnerabilities based on the violation of the structure of the incoming traffic to the processing system, and not only the supply of an unintended type of information, is realized. Theoretical significance: contribution to the theory of information security in the field of improving methods of testing protocol designs based on stochastic random search in the space of protocols and their parameters, as well as modification of test sequences by methods of genetic algorithms, bringing the proposed solutions to implementation algorithms. Practical significance: a universal automated software fuzzer for searching vulnerabilities of TCP/IP stack software in critical information infrastructure has been developed, functioning on the basis of state space parameters of the target object.
Keywords: fuzzing, vulnerability testing, protocol fuzzing, genetic algorithm, dynamic analysis, black box fuzzing, stochastic random search, genetic algorithm testing methodology, testing algorithm.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-2-01-15
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Formalization and Automation of Post-NGN Communication Network Testing Processes
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A. Zimin
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Abstract: Problem statement. The development and complication of the architecture of communication networks, protocols and scenarios for the interaction of various network elements, as a result, entails the development of means for testing communication networks. The aim of the work is to review the evolution of abstract tools and mathematical models of communication network testing tools as these networks evolve. The method used is the specifications of test scenarios in the language of MSC message sequence diagrams for testing 3G networks and 5G networks (network slices, new network elements. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the author’s approach to the application of MSC and Petri net tools for automating the process of testing NGN networks. Theoretical / Practical relevance: Message Sequence Diagram test case specifications can be used for 5G network testing in commissioning modes, certification testing, QoS verification, validation, and documentation in the OSS / BSS network management system, etc.
Keywords: NGN, 4G, 5G / 6G, network infrastructure testing, message sequence diagrams, artificial intelligence, machine learning, finite behavior automata.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-2-16-24
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Positioning of Devices in LTE Networks. Part 1. Evaluating Signal Bandwidth's Impact on Coordinate Accuracy
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H. C. Hua
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Abstract: Purpose. The positioning accuracy of device plays an important role in providing navigation and geolocation services, such as emergency calls, traffic management, and in new fields of IoT applications. Despite the high accuracy of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) like GPS and GLONASS, their application indoors is limited due to the lack of direct line-of-sight. This highlights the need to develop alternative positioning methods based on communication networks. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of signal bandwidth on the positioning accuracy of the OTDoA PRS method. Methods. The study involves modeling signals transmitted from multiple base stations with different power levels and delays, as well as performing correlation by the UE with PRS (Positioning Reference Signal) to determine delay times and construct hyperbolas of constant delay intervals. The accuracy assessment is performed using the root mean square error (RMSE) calculation, and the analysis is based on a simulation scenario implemented in the LTE System Toolbox in MATLAB. Novelty. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the influence of signal bandwidth, on the accuracy of the OTDoA PRS method. For the first time, Reference Measurement Channel (RMC) configurations from R.5 to R.9 are used for constructing hyperbolas, allowing for the optimization of signal parameters to improve positioning accuracy. Results. The study demonstrates that increasing the signal bandwidth and optimizing the eNB arrangement minimizes the RMSE. As the distance between the base station and the user equipment increases, the amplitudes of the correlative peaks of PRS signals are reduced, and the positioning accuracy decreases. Practical relevance. The results of the study can be used to optimize the architecture of LTE and 5G networks in conditions where GNSS usage is limited. The proposed approaches can also be applied in the development of algorithms for telecommunications equipment to ensure accurate positioning of UE.
Keywords: positioning, LTE, OTDoA, TDOA, PRS, signal bandwidth, resource block, accuracy assessment, RMSE.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-2-25-39
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Resource Allocation in Air Base Station-Enabled Wireless Network: Survey
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T. D. Tran
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Abstract: Problem statement. Due to their mobility, flexibility, ease of deployment, and low cost, Autonomous Aerial Vehicle (AAV) play an important role in future wireless networks. However, their pratical implementation faces challenges, including energy constraints, dynamic channel variations, interference management, and the need for efficient resource allocation to ensure seamless connectivity for ground users. Traditional optimization methods often fail to adapt to these complexities in real-time, limiting the effectiveness of AAV-assisted wireless networks. The aim of the work provides a comprehensive review of resource allocation in AAV-assisted wireless networks, focusing on power and bandwidth optimization strategies, as well as the key challenges in ensuring efficient and reliable communication. Methods: used in this study include a systematic review of existing literature, analyzing optimization approaches such as Game Theory, Artificial Intelligence for efficient resource allocation in AAV-assisted wireless networks. Novelty: this study analyzes resource allocation challenges in AAV-assisted network, focusing on the interdependence of power and bandwidth allocation. It explores optimization techniques like Game Theory, and Artificial Intelligence. Results. The analysis in this paper demonstrates that Game Theory and Artificial Intelligence based approaches significantly improve resource allocation efficiency. Additionally, the study identifies key challenges, including heterogeneous density network, security concerns, and complex channel modeling, providing insights for future research. Practical / Theoretical Relevance: This study advences the theoretical understanding of resource allocation in AAV-assisted wireless networks by integrating optimization strategies from Game Theory and Artificial Intelligence. Pratically, it provides insight into enhancing network efficiency, adaptability and security, making AAV-based communication more viable for real-world applications, such as disaster recovery, remote areas coverage, and IoT data collection.
Keywords: AAV, Power Allocation, Bandwidth Allocation, Game Theory, Artificial Intelligence.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-2-40-47
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Analysis of Parameters of Metal Film Resistors Used in Instrument Engineering
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S. S. Ogluzdin, V. A. Kim, A. A. Pogorelov
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Abstract: Purpose search and selection of metal film resistors of large commercial companies; determination of parameters of resistors significant for instrument engineering; study of existing literature data on methods of evaluation of such parameters; calculation of attractiveness indicators of metal film resistors of each manufacturer for each selected parameter, calculation of a complex indicator of attractiveness, analysis of the obtained results. The aim of the work is to provide the results of a comparative analysis of resistors of three commercial companies by the following parameters: cost, resistance rating, dimensional error, voltage coefficient and temperature coefficient of resistance. Methods used: comparison of resistors by summing up the ranked indicators. Novelty: an element of novelty of the presented study is the analysis of dimensional parameters and voltage coefficient. Result: YUANQI ELECTRONIC resistors have the highest general attractiveness index. They are the most optimal choice for instrumentation of all the selected models, and also have the best resistance rating error, dimensional error, and temperature coefficient of resistance. FXI Electronics Corporation resistors have a lower general attractiveness index, but have an advantage in the voltage coefficient. These resistors should be used in power electronics devices. The power of which can vary widely, and thus have a different effect on the resistivity of metal films. WEIDILY resistors have an advantage in cost. Theoretical / Practical significance: The presented comparison is proposed to be used when choosing a manufacturer of metal film resistors for instrumentation. Also, the calculated general attractiveness indices will allow you to make decisions about purchasing the resistors selected for the study, comparing with other resistor manufacturers, conducting your own research, improving the quality of metal film resistors and identifying weaknesses.
Keywords: values of resistor parameters, measurement of resistor nominal, general parameter, metallic film resistors, voltage coefficient.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-2-48-61
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