Научный журнал «ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИИ»
Сообщение
2024, Vol. 12, Iss. 3 |
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3-D Placement of Aerial Base Stations to Support Terrestrial Network Based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization
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T. D. Tran, A. E. Kucheryavy
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Abstract: Problem statement. With the increasing load on terrestrial communication networks, it is necessary to implement new solutions to ensure stable and high-quality user service. One of the promising approaches is the use of aerial base stations (ABS), which can be rapidly deployed in areas with high user density or during emergency situations. This paper addresses the problem of three-dimensional deployment of ABS to support terrestrial communication networks, where the number of users exceeds the capacity of the current ground-based system. The main goal of this work is to determine the minimum number of ABS and their optimal placement while meeting user service requirements. However, this is an NP-hard problem (nondeterministic polynomial-time hardness), so to solve it, we propose using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization. Scientific novelty: the proposed approach consists in developing a method for optimizing three-dimensional ABS placement using an adaptive particle swarm algorithm aimed at minimizing the number of ABS while maintaining high quality of service to users. Unlike classical PSO, the proposed algorithm allows connecting more users to ABS due to more efficient resource allocation and selection of ABS location. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm ensures high coverage performance in environments with various user distributions. Theoretical / practical significance: In practice, the results can be used in planning and deploying ABS in congestion or emergency situations to ensure sustainable coverage.
Keywords: aerial base stations, 3D placement, ground base stations, coverage, capacity, adaptive particle swarm optimization.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-1-12
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Positioning of Devices in LTE Networks. Part 2. Analysis of Base Station Topology Impact on Coordinate Estimation Accuracy
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H. C. Hua, G. Fokin, H. N. Nguyen
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Abstract: Purpose. In recent decades, the development of positioning services in 4G LTE and 5G NR networks has been actively progressing, necessitating improvements in coordinate estimation accuracy. Earlier, the analysis conducted in the first part demonstrated that signal bandwidth significantly impacts positioning accuracy. This study investigates the influence of base station (BS) topology on coordinate estimation accuracy. The primary indicative factor of BS topology in space is the geometric dilution of precision (DOP) in positioning. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the BS topology on the positioning accuracy by the method of difference in the time of arrival of TDOA signals for different scenarios. Methods. As part of the research, a simulation was conducted to calculate the geometric dilution of precision (DOP) for the range-difference method in 4G LTE cellular networks using MATLAB. The mathematical model is based on two approaches: processing absolute ranges and processing pseudoranges. The influence of various BS distribution scenarios on geometric factors (HDOP, VDOP, PDOP, and GDOP) is analyzed. Novelty. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the impact of base station topology on positioning accuracy, which allows for identifying BS placement schemes considering both horizontal and vertical distribution. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between network configuration and the quality of coordinate estimation. Results. The study shows that increasing the number of BSs in a given area does not always lead to a reduction in DOP values. As the height of base stations increases, the geometric dilution of precision decreases, which positively affects positioning accuracy. The average DOP value in zones where base stations are located at different heights is lower than in areas with BSs at the same height. The topology of the BS is also determined for estimating the coordinates of vehicles on the road in urban areas. Practical relevance. The results of this work can be used to develop and optimize positioning algorithms in existing and future LTE and 5G NR networks. This has direct applications for improving the quality of navigation, geolocation services, and solving network positioning tasks.
Keywords: geometric factor, DOP (Dilution of Precision), coordinate estimation, topology, positioning, 4G, MATLAB, vehicles, TDOA.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-13-28
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Telepresence Services and Their Future in the Evolving Fog Computing Environment: A Review of Research and Use Cases
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Dang V. Th., A. Volkov
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Abstract: Objective. The research aims to analyze fog computing technologies and their integration into future 6G networks to support telepresence services. The main task is to identify the key trends and development directions of telepresence technologies, network instability, and data security. The objective of the work is to conduct a review of telepresence research and explore the application of fog computing to support it in 5G and 6G networks. The goal is to review research on telepresence and explore the application of fog computing to support these services in 5G and 6G networks. The study proposes enhancing network resilience by applying resource-intensive methods only in routing zones affected by destabilizing factors, thereby minimizing computational costs. The research highlights the necessity for further developments and investments in integrating these technologies. Methods Used. The study involves analyzing over 700 publications from the IEEE Xplore database on research topics related to telepresence and fog computing; reviewing modern technologies and approaches in the field of fog computing; critically analyzing existing fog computing models, including hierarchical and multi-level architectures; and performing statistical analysis to identify the primary trends and research directions. Novelty. The novelty of the work lies in conducting a statistical analysis of current telepresence research on an unprecedented scale. The limitations of existing fog computing models have been examined, and solutions to overcome them for effective application in 6G networks have been proposed. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of integrating fog computing to address latency and network instability issues in telepresence services. Results. The work identifies key research directions in telepresence, such as the development of robots for medicine, education, and other fields where they can replace humans, thereby enhancing service efficiency and accessibility. The potential of fog computing to support real-time telepresence applications has been substantiated, significantly reducing latency and improving network stability. The necessity of refining fog computing architectures to ensure high reliability, scalability, and minimal latency in future networks like 5G and 6G has been underscored. Theoretical / Practical Significance. The work has theoretical significance by providing a foundation for further research in telepresence and fog computing, while also broadening the understanding of their application for addressing latency and network stability issues. The practical significance lies in the potential use of the results for developing more efficient 6G network architectures and introducing innovative solutions in telepresence, improving communication quality, reducing latency, and enhancing interaction in remote environments.
Keywords: 6G, fog computing, cloud computing, telepresence, mobile communication, next-generation networks.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-29-51
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Research on Adaptive Digital Communication Lines with Decision Feedback
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K. K. Fam, E. Glushankov, T. D. Vu
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Abstract: Problem Statement. The advancement of efficient digital radio communication systems necessitates the development of methods that enhance both their energy and spectral efficiency. One approach to addressing this challenge involves assessing the state of the communication channel and selecting optimal modulation schemes within a digital transmission system equipped with feedback. The aim of this study is to investigate modern coding and modulation techniques applicable to feedback channels. The paper proposes methods for integrating these techniques into an adaptive feedback system in order to achieve optimal spectral and energy efficiency. Methods. A comparative analysis of various design approaches for adaptive feedback systems was conducted through simulation in the MATLAB environment. The simulations accounted for the influence of different types of noise on the data transmission process within feedback channels. Scientific Novelty. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive investigation and comparative analysis of contemporary coding methods and multi-level modulation techniques. Furthermore, the study presents recommendations for their effective application in adaptive communication systems. Results. As a result of this research, an adaptive data transmission system with feedback was developed. This system achieves higher data transmission rates compared to non-feedback systems, while still meeting the reliability requirements of the communication channel. Practical Significance. The proposed solution is recommended for scenarios that demand high data transmission reliability alongside high throughput. This is particularly relevant under conditions of poor signal quality, which may arise due to significant environmental interference such as in fading channels.
Keywords: adaptive system, feedback channel, turbo code, cascade code, low-density parity-check code, Bose ‒ Chaudhuri ‒ Hocquenghem code, multi-position modulation, Rician channel, Doppler effect, MATLAB.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-52-67
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Analyzing IP Protocols for Network Universes
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Z. Kim, A. Chueva, D. Nazarov, L. Gorbacheva
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Abstract: Problem Statement. The intensive development of networked universes and virtual worlds is accompanied by new challenges for network infrastructure. IP protocols, as the backbone of digital interaction, face a number of limitations, including high latency, insufficient scalability, security vulnerabilities, and the complexity of managing diverse traffic. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively analyse IP protocols (IPv4 / IPv6, UDP / TCP / QUIC) and modern technologies (edge computing, blockchain) in the context of their applicability to digital ecosystems. The research methods include network traffic monitoring, load modelling and comparative analysis of protocol characteristics in virtual environments. The scientific novelty lies in the integration of a cross-disciplinary approach to the evaluation of network protocols in multi-user digital worlds. The results of the study consist in identifying critical limitations of existing solutions and formulating recommendations to overcome them, such as transition to IPv6 protocol, introduction of QUIC protocol, use of edge computing and blockchain technologies. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of applying the obtained recommendations to design sustainable, scalable and secure infrastructures of network universes.
Keywords: network universes, metaverses, IP protocols, IPv6, QUIC, edge computing, scalability, data latency, interoperability, multiverse.
DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-3-68-83
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