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Research of the Characteristics of the Hierarchical Edge-Fog-Cloud System for Processing IoT Traffic Using Simulation Modeling

 
 orcid Ivan Komarov, orcid Alexander Paramonov

The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications,
St. Petersburg, 193232, Russian Federation

DOI 10.31854/2307-1303-2026-14-2-53-69

EDN CBNOAJ

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Abstract

Purpose. The increasing number of connected devices and the intensity of information exchange in Internet of Things systems leads to an increased load on communication channels and computing nodes. Centralized transmission of the entire data volume to the cloud infrastructure with limited channel bandwidth and finite buffer capacity may be accompanied by an increase in delivery latency and the probability of message loss. Distributing processing between edge, fog, and cloud nodes allows for a reduction in the volume of traffic transmitted to the upper network layers; however, the effectiveness of various architecture options depends on the intensity, structure, and variability of the input flow. The aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of distributing the processing of heterogeneous IoT traffic between the edge, fog, and cloud layers on the average delivery latency and the probability of message loss. Methods. The solution to the problem is based on discrete-event simulation in the AnyLogic environment using elements of the process modeling library. Three system design options are investigated: centralized cloud processing, joint use of edge and cloud computing, and a three-tier Edge-Fog-Cloud architecture. The model takes into account three message classes, finite buffer capacity, performance of computing nodes and communication channels, aggregation of a portion of the processed traffic, as well as the variability of message arrival and servicing processes. Novelty. The novelty of the presented study is the simulation implementation of a multi-tier architecture for processing heterogeneous IoT traffic with separate consideration of the edge, fog, and cloud layers, as well as a study of the impact of variability of arrival and servicing processes on message delivery delay with changes in the input flow intensity. Results. A simulation model has been developed that enables a parametric study of three architecture options with changes in the input flow intensity from 20 to 400 messages per second. The dependences of the probability of message loss and the average delivery delay on the traffic intensity for three processing scenarios are obtained. For a multi-tier architecture, dependencies of average latency on the degree of variability of the arrival and service processes were additionally obtained. Practical relevance. The developed model enables a comparative evaluation of distributed IoT system design options, identification of congestion zones, and assessment of the impact of traffic characteristics, computing nodes, communication channels, and final buffers on message service quality.

Keywords

IoT, edge computing, fog computing, queueing systems, delay, message loss

Reference for citation

Komarov I. I., Paramonov A. I. Research of the Characteristics of the Hierarchical Edge-Fog-Cloud System for Processing IoT Traffic Using Simulation Modeling // Telecom IT. 2026. Vol. 14. Iss. 2. PP. 53–69. (in Russian). DOI: 10.31854/2307-1303-2026-14-2-53-69. EDN: CBNOAJ
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